Search the history of over 505 billion pages on the Internet. Over the past month or so I have had half-a-dozen PCs in with serious problems which turned out to be caused by Trusteer Rapport. Now, fixing PCs is what I. INDIAN CIVIL SERVICE. EDWARD DENISON ROSS, Ph. D. LONDON. /. EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER. II. BACTRIANS AND PARTHIANS .. THE SASANIDES, THE EPHTHALITES, AND THE TURKS. V. THE RISE OF ISLAM AND INVASIONS OF THE ARABS. VI. THE FIRST EASTERN CAMPAIGNS OF KUTAVBA IBN MUSLIM. VII. KUTAYBA's LAST CAMPAIGNS . KUTAYBA's FALL AND DEATH. KUTAYBA's SUCCESSORS. X. NASR IBN SAYYAR AND ABO MUSLIM. XL KHORASAN UNDER THE FIRST 'a. BBASIDS. XII. THE CALIPHATES OF EL- MANSUR, EL- HADI, AND HARUN. Td ... DECLINE OF THE CALIPHS' AUTHORITY IN KHORASAN. THE SAFFARIDES AND THE RISE OF THE SAMANIDES. XV. THE KARA- KHANIDES, OR UIGHURS . THE GHAZNAVIDES AND THE RISE OF THE SELJGk. S. XVIII. SULTAN SANJAR AND THE KARA- KHITAYS . 1996 erschien der Nachfolger des ersten Teils, Sid Meier’s Civilization II. Entwickelt wurde dieser von Brian Reynolds, der bereits zuvor ma On top of the short and long debt cycles there is a much longer cycle that dictates the rise and fall of civilisations. Our current industrial civilisation is fuelled. The Halloween & Attractions Show opens for business March 23-26, 2017 at the America’s Center in downtown St. TransWorld’s Halloween & Attraction show is. 97 Responses to “Age of Empires II – Un patch pour jouer dans des r THE KHWARAZM- SHAHS. XXI. MONGOL INVASION OF CENTRAL ASIA. XXIII. THE LINE OF CHAGHATAY. XXIV. THE SUCCESSORS OF TIMUR . THE HOUSE OF ASTRAKHAN . THE HOUSE OF MANGIT. XXIX. AMIR XASRULLAH, A BOKHARAN NERO. RUSSIA IN CENTRAL ASIA. I. THE MAKING OF RUSSIA. II. CROSSING THE THRESHOLD OF ASIA . THE STRUGGLE WITH THE KHANATES . TURKOMANIA AND THE TURKOMANS . THE LAST STEP IN ADVANCE . THE CENTRAL ASIAN RAILWAYS. VII. ASKABAD AND MERV. IX. BOKHARA, A PROTECTED NATIVE STATE. He. has laid under contribution many Persian, Arabic. Russian authorities hitherto inaccessible to. Central Asian. events from the earliest days. His task has been. Sir Henry. Howorth, M. P. Percy Gardner, of Oxford . M. Drouin, of Paris ; and especially of Mr. The historical portion. Thus, for example, the. Mediaeval travel and Chris- . Central Asia . If. Chingiz Khan and. Tamerlane have been somewhat briefly dismissed. Kutayba ibn Muslim. Central Asian history. Skrine's province to describe. He owes much to the help of. Monsieur P. Lessar, Chancellor of the Russian. Embassy; Colonel C. In the important matter of illustrations. M. Verestchagin to con- . He who seeks to evolve it from the mass of. Iranians, Greeks, Scyth- . Chinese, Turks, and Russians. We propose in the. Central Asia which is vaguely styled. Turkestan, and is bounded on the north and east by the. Sir Darya and the Hindu Kush, and on the west by the. Caspian Sea. Les Aryens au nord et au sud de VHindou- Kouch. Persian Empire carried his arms as far as. Jaxartes (or Sihun), on the other side of which roamed. Massagetae (B. C. Cyropolis.^ The annexation of Bactria involved. Margiana, Khorazmia,^ and Soghdiana. From. Greek sources we learn that under the rule of Darius. Hystaspes (B. C. 5. Persian satrapies ; although the authority of. Achaemenians was probably but slight there. It is. not unlikely that all the eastern countries mentioned in. Darius inscriptions as . Medi- . ^ The Greek historians, following a tradition which made the conquests of. Sesostris (Rameses 1. Bactria and Scythia. Equally fabulous is the account given by Dio- . Siculus of the conquest of Bactria by Ninus and Semiramis in B. C. Authorities. differ as to the site, some identifying it with Ura Tepe. They constitute. the modern Khiva. Soghdiana comprises Bokhara and Samarkand, and the. Soghd, the old name for the source of its. Greeks as the Polytimetus and to moderns as. Zarafshan. Noldeke, Aufsdtze zur Persischen Geschichte, p. Gaugamela ^ in B. C. The. latter defeat was the deathblow of the Persian monarchy. Alexander took and plundered Persepolis and. Pasargadae, the cradle of the Persian dynasty, and then. Darius, who had reached Ecbatana. Media. But at this crisis Bessus, the. Bactria and commander of the contingent of. Persian nobles. seized on the person of the king and laid him in chains. The conqueror followed them with all. On reaching the Caspian Straits he. Bessus, he at once continued his. The latter, on hearing that Alexander was. Darius to mount his horse and flee with him. It is on record that he lamented the . He then set out on a fresh career of conquest. Khorasan. Sistan, Beluchistan, Kandahar, and Kabulistan. That he was able for a brief period to. Alexander. wished to secure possession of other districts in Eastern. Persia before advancing against Bactria and Soghdiana. Hindu Kush. Thence with an. Aornos (Gori or Khulum). Bactria (Balkh). Bessus, at the head of a small. Placing. therein a considerable garrison, he laid waste the sur- . Thence he advanced to the banks of. According to Grigorieff, this means the district lying between the Oxus. Shahrisabz. The natives also overpowered the garrisons. Jaxartes, the most important of which was. Cyropolis. Alexander crushed the rebels and re- estab- . Jaxartes in the course of. The Sacae, or Scythians, had collected an army. Spitamenes, in. whom, owing to his past conduct, he had placed reliance. Macedonian garrison left at Marcanda. Moreover, his army Wcis becoming dis- . But he was daunted by no. After completing his new capital. The stadium was 6. They recognised. the uselessness of further resistance, and sent envoys to. On hearing of this disaster Alexander set. Marcanda, which he reached in four. Spitamenes on the first news of his approach fled. Bactria. Alexander started in pursuit, but, despair- . Greece of 1. 9,0. Margiana in the following spring. There remained. now but one stronghold unsubdued, namely, Petra. Oxiana,^ which was provisioned for two years, and. Soghdian named Arimazes.^ It finally. Alexander established two fortresses south of the. Margiana or Merv, corresponding with the. Sarakhs and Meruchak, He next turned east- . Bactria, and on his way established four more. Meimena. Andakuy, Shaburgan, and Saripul. From Bactria he. ^ Grigorieff suggests the identification of this place with the old town of. Baykand, or with Hezarasp, in the Khorasmian oasis. See also Quintus Curtius. EARLIEST TIMES 9. Marcanda, whence he probably made several. His old enemy Spitamenes, after repeatedly attacking. Macedonian garrisons in Soghdia and Bactria, was at. Alexander. Having now entirely subdued Soghdiana. Alexander retired for the winter to Nautaca. It was at. this time that the tragic death of Cleitus occurred at the. Alexander set out on the conquest of. India, leaving in Bactria a contingent of 1 0,0. He is. associated throughout Islam with the . Amyntas was removed from his satrapy and. Philippus of Elymeus, who, within the. Parthia and succeeded. The latter held his post until B. C. 3. 01, when these. Alex- . ander's generals, Seleucus i. Gutschmid, Geschichte Irans, p. In. 3. 16, owing to a quarrel with Antigonus, he fled to Egypt, but in 3. Babylon. The era of the Seleucidas dates from this event. Not till. 3. 06 did he officially adopt the title of king. The terrible civil. Alex- . ander lasted, almost without interruption, for forty- two. Macedonians were at last compelled. Seleucus was assassinated by one of his. Antiochus I. 2. 56. Antiochus II., Diodotus, known as. Arsaces, who seems by his coins. Dahae Scythians. dwelling near the Oxus, overthrew Andragoras, nominally. Parthia, and set himself up as king of Parthia.^. Cf. Gardner, Greek and Scythian Coins, p. Gardner ^ observes, the . The fifth king. of this dynasty was Mithridates (B. C. 1 9. 0), who extended. Justin. his sway included the Himalayas and the Euphrates.^. He also compelled Eucratides, the powerful king of. Bactria, who had come to the throne about B. C. 1. 70. to cede certain districts of his kingdom. Phraates.^ The Syrian. Empire of the Seleucidse was fast falling to pieces, and. Parthia was never again invaded by the Greeks. But a. more terrible foe was approaching from the East,* for it. Scythian band, called. They are identical with the Sacae of. Upper. India as the Sakas. Phraates ^ summoned a band of. Syrian Antiochus. He commenced his reign by ad- . Sakas, from. whom he wrested the greater portion of Bactria. But he. was destined to meet a foe more v/orthy of his steel, and. The Romans. had entered on the career of foreign conquest which seems. Greece was. theirs, and they had planted their eagles in Asia Minor. Mithridates waged three. Hannibal.^ Not till. Rome, and then his indomitable spirit. He slew himself in despair, leaving a reputation. Crimea and Northern Caucasus. Parthia is one of continual struggle and crime, which. Roman invader. Odes and. Epistles of Horace, passim. It is curious to note the identity between the. Parthians and those of the hordes of Chingiz and Tlmur. The. usual charge of bad faith is brought by the Romans against their terrible. These sources, with faint sidelights. Central Asia. 2. 50.^. After its fall China split up into a vast number of nearly. The Tsin succeeded in gaining. Their aim was not. This atrocious measure was. Legge, Analects of. Confucius, p. Of these, the Hiung- nu, a Tartar tribe whose. Eastern Mongolia, were the most trouble- . He carried the war into the enemy's camp by. Gobi Desert, with. Hami.^ In B. C. 2. This was the Great Wall of. China, which starts from the Shan- hi Pass and ends at. Chin- Yii barriers, a distance of not less than 1. The Hiung- nu, like their kinsmen the Mongols of. Chingiz and of Timur, fought on horseback, and their. This stupendous barrier intimidated. At this epoch the. Sakas were settled in Hexapolis, to the east of the. Pamirs ; while the Usuns dwelt on the southern side of. Lake Lob, separated from the Sakas by the Uighurs. Yu^- Chi. 2. 00 a war broke out between the Tung- nu. Hiung- nu (the Western Tartars or Huns), their. Mothe, the chief of these latter, falling on. Also called Khamil, a town about 7. Kulja. Their nidus. Tangut. The latter fled. Hi River, while Mothd pushed his. Volga on the west and the. China eastwards. The Emperor. Kao- tsu (B. C. His troops were, however, sur- . Mothe's colossal hordes in the north of the. Shan- si, and only escaped destruction by the. On the departure of the Chinese. Mothe set out for Tartary. For upwards of fifty. Hiung- nu sustained no check. They. continued to press down on the Yu^- Chi, who, after. The lesser division, or . It would seem that the latter were. This intercourse possibly. Parthian characteristics found on the. Saka coins of India.^. The Sakas were driven towards the Pamirs and the. Tien- shan. One branch of them fled to Zungaria, while. Ct. 1. 0; and Boulger, Hist, of.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
January 2017
Categories |